Question: Who conducted the first study of intergenerational mobility in England and Wales?
- Gold Thorpe
- David Glass
- Anthony Giddens
- Hugh Edwards
Answer: (2)The question regarding the first study of intergenerational mobility in England and Wales holds historical significance, particularly in the realm of social sciences. The correct answer to this question is (b) David Glass. David Glass, a British sociologist, conducted a pioneering study in 1949 that laid the foundation for understanding the dynamics of intergenerational mobility in the context of occupational prestige. David Glass’s study focused on examining the extent to which individuals experienced upward or downward social mobility in comparison to their parents, using occupational status as a key criterion. Occupational prestige, in this context, refers to the social standing associated with specific professions or jobs. In 1949, England and Wales were undergoing significant societal changes, with the aftermath of World War II influencing various aspects of life, including social structures. David Glass’s study emerged during this transformative period, providing valuable insights into the patterns of intergenerational mobility and its implications for the broader understanding of social dynamics. The methodology employed by Glass involved analyzing occupational data to determine the occupational status of individuals and their fathers. By comparing the occupational prestige of sons with that of their fathers, Glass aimed to identify trends and patterns in intergenerational mobility. This approach allowed for a quantitative assessment of social mobility, providing a clearer picture of how individuals moved across social strata. The findings of Glass’s study were instrumental in shaping the discourse on social mobility. The study revealed that while there was a discernible level of intergenerational mobility, the changes in status were often incremental and tended to be within relatively short ranges. This meant that individuals were not making drastic shifts in social standing from one generation to the next. Moreover, Glass’s research highlighted the enduring impact of family background on life opportunities. Sons born into higher-status families were found to be more likely to achieve high-status positions themselves. This observation underscored the role of social inheritance and suggested that certain advantages or disadvantages were transmitted across generations. The implications of Glass’s study extended beyond the specific time and context in which it was conducted. The examination of intergenerational mobility became a central theme in sociological research, prompting scholars to delve deeper into the mechanisms that influence social mobility. The study also sparked discussions about the role of education, economic factors, and institutional structures in shaping individuals’ life trajectories. It’s essential to note that while David Glass conducted the first significant study on intergenerational mobility in England and Wales, subsequent researchers and scholars have built upon his work. The field of social mobility research has evolved, incorporating diverse methodologies and examining mobility in various dimensions beyond occupational status alone. In summary, David Glass’s study in 1949 marked a seminal moment in the exploration of intergenerational mobility in England and Wales. His research laid the groundwork for understanding the complexities of social mobility and contributed to ongoing discussions about equality, opportunity, and the factors that influence individuals’ paths in society. The legacy of Glass’s work endures in the broader field of sociology, where researchers continue to investigate the dynamics of social mobility and its implications for contemporary society. |
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Frequently Asked Questions:
1. Question: Define the term “ethnic movement” and provide an example from India.
Answer: An ethnic movement refers to a collective effort by a group sharing common cultural, linguistic, or religious traits, seeking to assert their identity and rights; an example from India is the Khalistan Movement in Punjab.
2. Question: Identify the main objectives behind the Gorkhaland ethnic movement.
Answer: The Gorkhaland ethnic movement primarily seeks to establish a separate state for India’s Nepali-speaking population in the Darjeeling region, advocating for linguistic and cultural recognition and political autonomy.
3. Question: What was the Operation Blue Star, and which ethnic movement was it related to?
Answer: Operation Blue Star was a military action in 1984, aiming to remove Sikh militants hiding in the Golden Temple in Amritsar; it is related to the Khalistan movement, which sought a separate Sikh country.
4. Question: Mention a critical factor that triggered the emergence of ethnic movements in India, as discussed by Dipankar Gupta.
Answer: Dipankar Gupta emphasized that ethnicity is fundamentally a political process, wherein caste and religion, the key components of identity formation, are politicized by leaders for vested interests.
5. Question: What were the primary reasons for the Assam Ethnicity conflicts involving Bodo tribals and Bengali Muslim settlers?
Answer: The Assam Ethnicity conflicts primarily stemmed from issues related to immigration, land rights, and resource allocation, leading to clashes, riots, and evolving relationships among indigenous communities to address challenges.
6. Question: Briefly describe the role of the Dravidian Movement in terms of caste and societal structure.
Answer: The Dravidian Movement, led notably by E.V. Ramasamy, aimed to establish an egalitarian society, focusing on anti-Brahmanism and advocating for equal rights for backward castes, while also introducing reforms like self-respect marriages.
7. Question: Name the prominent ethnic movements in North-East India and specify one common objective.
Answer: Prominent ethnic movements in North-East India include the Nagas’ and Mizos’ struggles; a common objective was to gain autonomy and recognition for their distinct tribal identities and cultural uniqueness.
8. Question: What is the key argument of Gail Omveldt regarding traditional Indian society and multiculturalism?
Answer: Gail Omveldt opposed romanticizing traditional Indian society, arguing that hierarchy has always dominated it and dismissing the notion that multiculturalism is an intrinsic feature of Indian society as a myth.
9. Question: Briefly explain the social hierarchy factor as a contributing element to ethnic movements as suggested by Olzak.
Answer: Olzak suggests that the construction of hierarchies among ethnic communities, which often leads to the suppression of one group by another, is a key factor that can instigate social and ethnic movements.
10. Question: Identify one consequence of the unequal economic development factor within the context of ethnic movements in India.
Answer: One consequence of unequal economic development is the marginalization and underdevelopment of certain groups, leading to feelings of alienation and sometimes initiating ethnic movements as these groups strive for equality and recognition.
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