Question: Common standards or ideas which guide members’ responses in all established groups is called
- Norm
- Custom
- Mores
- Rule
Answer: (1)The concept of social norms is a fundamental aspect of sociological and anthropological studies, providing insights into how individuals within a society regulate their behavior. The question posed in the MA CUET exam addresses the idea of common standards or ideas that guide members’ responses in established groups. The four options presented—Norm, Custom, Mores, and Rule—each have distinct meanings within the realm of social sciences. The correct answer is (a) Norm, as social norms encapsulate the shared standards of acceptable behavior within a group. Understanding Social Norms:
Social norms are unwritten rules or expectations that dictate how individuals should behave in a given social context. These norms serve as guidelines for appropriate behavior and are crucial for maintaining social order and cohesion within a community or group. They can be either explicit or implicit, governing various aspects of human interaction, from greetings and manners to more complex behaviors.
Social norms can take both informal and formal forms. Informal norms are unspoken rules that are widely understood within a society but are not codified into law. For example, the expectation of queuing in an orderly manner is an informal norm. On the other hand, formal norms are explicit rules and regulations that are codified, often into laws. Violation of formal norms can lead to legal consequences.
Social norms play a crucial role in shaping individual behavior. They act as social expectations, influencing how people dress, speak, and interact. The adherence to social norms helps individuals navigate social situations and facilitates smooth interactions within a community. Deviation from social norms can lead to social sanctions or disapproval from the group.
Social normative influences refer to the ways in which individuals conform to societal expectations due to the influence of social norms. This conformity is a powerful driver of human behavioral changes. The desire for social acceptance and the fear of social rejection often guide individuals to align their behavior with established norms.
Major theories explaining human behavior, such as social identity theory and social learning theory, incorporate the concept of social norms. These theories highlight the impact of group dynamics and societal expectations on individual actions. Understanding social norms is essential for comprehending the complexities of human behavior within a social context.
Institutions, both formal (government, legal systems) and informal (family, education), are composed of multiple norms. Norms become institutionalized when they are integrated into the structures and practices of institutions. For example, legal norms become part of a country’s legal system, while educational norms shape the behavior expected within educational institutions.
Norms are distinct from ideas, attitudes, and values. While ideas, attitudes, and values may be held privately by individuals, norms specifically concern behavior. Norms guide how individuals are expected to act within a given social setting, contributing to the regulation of conduct in a collective context.
Norms are not static; they are contingent on context, social group dynamics, and historical circumstances. What may be considered a norm in one society or era might differ in another. Norms evolve over time, reflecting changes in societal values, beliefs, and practices. Conclusion:In conclusion, social norms are the shared standards of acceptable behavior within a group. They play a crucial role in shaping individual behavior, facilitating social interactions, and maintaining social order. The concept of social normative influences underscores the power of societal expectations in guiding human behavior. Norms are not only integral to the understanding of human conduct but also play a central role in major theories explaining human behavior. The institutionalization of norms within various societal structures further emphasizes their significance. As dynamic elements, norms adapt to changes in context, social dynamics, and historical circumstances, reflecting the evolving nature of human societies. |
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Frequently Asked Questions:
1. Question: Define the term “ethnic movement” and provide an example from India.
Answer: An ethnic movement refers to a collective effort by a group sharing common cultural, linguistic, or religious traits, seeking to assert their identity and rights; an example from India is the Khalistan Movement in Punjab.
2. Question: Identify the main objectives behind the Gorkhaland ethnic movement.
Answer: The Gorkhaland ethnic movement primarily seeks to establish a separate state for India’s Nepali-speaking population in the Darjeeling region, advocating for linguistic and cultural recognition and political autonomy.
3. Question: What was the Operation Blue Star, and which ethnic movement was it related to?
Answer: Operation Blue Star was a military action in 1984, aiming to remove Sikh militants hiding in the Golden Temple in Amritsar; it is related to the Khalistan movement, which sought a separate Sikh country.
4. Question: Mention a critical factor that triggered the emergence of ethnic movements in India, as discussed by Dipankar Gupta.
Answer: Dipankar Gupta emphasized that ethnicity is fundamentally a political process, wherein caste and religion, the key components of identity formation, are politicized by leaders for vested interests.
5. Question: What were the primary reasons for the Assam Ethnicity conflicts involving Bodo tribals and Bengali Muslim settlers?
Answer: The Assam Ethnicity conflicts primarily stemmed from issues related to immigration, land rights, and resource allocation, leading to clashes, riots, and evolving relationships among indigenous communities to address challenges.
6. Question: Briefly describe the role of the Dravidian Movement in terms of caste and societal structure.
Answer: The Dravidian Movement, led notably by E.V. Ramasamy, aimed to establish an egalitarian society, focusing on anti-Brahmanism and advocating for equal rights for backward castes, while also introducing reforms like self-respect marriages.
7. Question: Name the prominent ethnic movements in North-East India and specify one common objective.
Answer: Prominent ethnic movements in North-East India include the Nagas’ and Mizos’ struggles; a common objective was to gain autonomy and recognition for their distinct tribal identities and cultural uniqueness.
8. Question: What is the key argument of Gail Omveldt regarding traditional Indian society and multiculturalism?
Answer: Gail Omveldt opposed romanticizing traditional Indian society, arguing that hierarchy has always dominated it and dismissing the notion that multiculturalism is an intrinsic feature of Indian society as a myth.
9. Question: Briefly explain the social hierarchy factor as a contributing element to ethnic movements as suggested by Olzak.
Answer: Olzak suggests that the construction of hierarchies among ethnic communities, which often leads to the suppression of one group by another, is a key factor that can instigate social and ethnic movements.
10. Question: Identify one consequence of the unequal economic development factor within the context of ethnic movements in India.
Answer: One consequence of unequal economic development is the marginalization and underdevelopment of certain groups, leading to feelings of alienation and sometimes initiating ethnic movements as these groups strive for equality and recognition.
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