Question: A…. consists of all descendants in one line of a particular person through a determinate number of generations.
- Lineage
- Clan
- Family
- Sib
Answer: (3)The correct answer to the MA CUET exam question is (a) Lineage. The term “lineage” refers to all descendants in one line of a particular person through a determinate number of generations. A lineage is a social structure that connects individuals based on their descent from a common ancestor, and it plays a significant role in anthropological and sociological studies of kinship and social organization.
A lineage is a kinship group that traces its descent from a single common ancestor through a specified number of generations. It represents a unilineal descent system, meaning that it follows either the patrilineal or matrilineal line of descent. The concept of lineage is crucial in understanding how societies organize themselves based on kinship ties and how they maintain a sense of identity and continuity over generations.
When the living members of a lineage come together and form a recognized social group, it is referred to as a lineage group. This group often shares a sense of common identity, history, and sometimes rituals or traditions associated with their shared lineage. Lineage groups play a role in social organization, as they may collaborate on various social, economic, or religious activities.
Depending on the line of descent, a lineage can be further classified into patrilineage and matrilineage. A patrilineage consists of all descendants through the male line of a single ancestor. In contrast, a matrilineage consists of all descendants through the female line of a single ancestor. These distinctions are essential in understanding how kinship is traced and recognized within specific cultural contexts.
Lineages often play a crucial role in the social organization of communities. They provide a framework for understanding relationships, inheritance, and social obligations. Lineage membership can influence various aspects of an individual’s life, including marriage, property rights, and participation in communal activities. The social cohesion within a lineage contributes to the overall stability and continuity of a community.
Lineages exist in various forms across different societies and cultures. In some societies, lineage ties are patrilineal, emphasizing descent through the male line, while in others, they are matrilineal, emphasizing descent through the female line. The rules and norms governing lineage membership and responsibilities can vary widely, reflecting the diversity of human social organization.
The concept of lineage is closely linked to descent systems, which refer to the ways in which societies trace kinship and determine inheritance. Lineages contribute to both patrilineal and matrilineal descent systems, shaping the social fabric and providing a sense of identity and belonging. In conclusion, the term “lineage” refers to all descendants in one line of a particular person through a determinate number of generations. It is a fundamental concept in the study of kinship and social organization, providing insight into how societies structure themselves based on descent from a common ancestor. Lineages can take the form of lineage groups when living members come together, and they may follow either a patrilineal or matrilineal line of descent. The roles and functions of lineages are diverse, influencing aspects of social, economic, and religious life within a community. Understanding lineages is essential for comprehending the intricate web of kinship ties and the ways in which societies maintain a sense of identity and continuity over time. |
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Frequently Asked Questions:
1. Question: Define the term “ethnic movement” and provide an example from India.
Answer: An ethnic movement refers to a collective effort by a group sharing common cultural, linguistic, or religious traits, seeking to assert their identity and rights; an example from India is the Khalistan Movement in Punjab.
2. Question: Identify the main objectives behind the Gorkhaland ethnic movement.
Answer: The Gorkhaland ethnic movement primarily seeks to establish a separate state for India’s Nepali-speaking population in the Darjeeling region, advocating for linguistic and cultural recognition and political autonomy.
3. Question: What was the Operation Blue Star, and which ethnic movement was it related to?
Answer: Operation Blue Star was a military action in 1984, aiming to remove Sikh militants hiding in the Golden Temple in Amritsar; it is related to the Khalistan movement, which sought a separate Sikh country.
4. Question: Mention a critical factor that triggered the emergence of ethnic movements in India, as discussed by Dipankar Gupta.
Answer: Dipankar Gupta emphasized that ethnicity is fundamentally a political process, wherein caste and religion, the key components of identity formation, are politicized by leaders for vested interests.
5. Question: What were the primary reasons for the Assam Ethnicity conflicts involving Bodo tribals and Bengali Muslim settlers?
Answer: The Assam Ethnicity conflicts primarily stemmed from issues related to immigration, land rights, and resource allocation, leading to clashes, riots, and evolving relationships among indigenous communities to address challenges.
6. Question: Briefly describe the role of the Dravidian Movement in terms of caste and societal structure.
Answer: The Dravidian Movement, led notably by E.V. Ramasamy, aimed to establish an egalitarian society, focusing on anti-Brahmanism and advocating for equal rights for backward castes, while also introducing reforms like self-respect marriages.
7. Question: Name the prominent ethnic movements in North-East India and specify one common objective.
Answer: Prominent ethnic movements in North-East India include the Nagas’ and Mizos’ struggles; a common objective was to gain autonomy and recognition for their distinct tribal identities and cultural uniqueness.
8. Question: What is the key argument of Gail Omveldt regarding traditional Indian society and multiculturalism?
Answer: Gail Omveldt opposed romanticizing traditional Indian society, arguing that hierarchy has always dominated it and dismissing the notion that multiculturalism is an intrinsic feature of Indian society as a myth.
9. Question: Briefly explain the social hierarchy factor as a contributing element to ethnic movements as suggested by Olzak.
Answer: Olzak suggests that the construction of hierarchies among ethnic communities, which often leads to the suppression of one group by another, is a key factor that can instigate social and ethnic movements.
10. Question: Identify one consequence of the unequal economic development factor within the context of ethnic movements in India.
Answer: One consequence of unequal economic development is the marginalization and underdevelopment of certain groups, leading to feelings of alienation and sometimes initiating ethnic movements as these groups strive for equality and recognition.
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