Question: Social relationship based on real, putative or fictive consanguinity; or on the model of consanguine relations are called
- Kinship
- Kindred
- Marriage
- Alliance
Answer: (1)The question presented in the MA CUET exam delves into the intricate realm of social relationships, specifically focusing on the concepts of kinship and consanguinity. The correct answer to the question is (a) Kinship. The term “kinship” encapsulates the various forms of social relationships based on real, putative, or fictive consanguinity, as well as those modeled on consanguine relations. At the core of this question lies the nuanced understanding of kinship ties and how they are conceptualized in anthropological discourse. To elucidate the answer, it is essential to explore the historical context in which the term “fictive kinship” was employed and subsequently deconstructed within the field of anthropology. The term “fictive kinship” was traditionally used to denote those kinship ties that were considered fictional, implying a lack of real consanguineal or affinal connections. This concept operated on the assumption that there exists an inverse category of “(true) kinship” grounded in consanguinity and affinity. Consanguinity refers to blood relations or shared ancestry, while affinity pertains to relationships established through marriage. In the mid-to-late twentieth century, anthropology underwent a paradigm shift in its approach to the study of kinship and social ties. The traditional concepts and categories were critically examined and, in many cases, deconstructed to better reflect the diversity and complexity of social structures across cultures. This shift was integral in challenging the assumption that consanguinity serves as a universal basis for kinship ties. Anthropologists, in their pursuit of a more comprehensive understanding of kinship, highlighted the cultural specificity of consanguinity as a symbol of kinship. In other words, the idea that blood relations or biological connections universally define kinship was debunked. Instead, scholars emphasized that kinship is a socially constructed phenomenon, and its manifestations vary significantly from one cultural context to another. David M. Schneider, a prominent figure in the study of kinship, played a pivotal role in reshaping anthropological perspectives. His work emphasized the symbolic nature of kinship and underscored that the way societies conceptualize and organize their social relationships is culturally contingent. Schneider’s critique of the “kinship as biology” model challenged the assumed universality of consanguinity as the primary determinant of kinship. Against this backdrop, the term “fictive kinship” became less relevant, as it was based on the presumption of a universally accepted norm of consanguineal and affinal ties. Anthropologists acknowledged that kinship ties could be constructed in various ways, transcending biological connections. This recognition paved the way for a more inclusive understanding of kinship that encompassed a broader range of social relationships. Kinship, as the correct answer to the MA CUET question, thus encompasses not only consanguineal and affinal relationships but also those based on models of consanguine relations. The term “kindred,” which refers to a group of related individuals, is closely related to kinship and often used interchangeably. However, “kinship” provides a broader and more encompassing umbrella that acknowledges the diverse ways in which societies structure their social relationships. Moreover, the option (d) Alliance, while not the correct answer, is noteworthy in the context of kinship studies. Alliance refers to the social, economic, or political connections established through marriage, contributing to the complexity of kinship systems. Marriage, as an institution, plays a crucial role in shaping kinship ties and is intertwined with both consanguineal and affinal dimensions. In conclusion, the question posed in the MA CUET exam prompts an exploration of the anthropological concepts surrounding kinship. The correct answer, “Kinship,” encapsulates the multifaceted nature of social relationships based on real, putative, or fictive consanguinity, as well as those modelled on consanguine relations. The historical evolution of anthropological thought, particularly the deconstruction of traditional concepts and the recognition of cultural specificity in kinship systems, informs the comprehensive understanding of this complex and culturally contingent phenomenon. |
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Frequently Asked Questions:
1. Question: Define the term “ethnic movement” and provide an example from India.
Answer: An ethnic movement refers to a collective effort by a group sharing common cultural, linguistic, or religious traits, seeking to assert their identity and rights; an example from India is the Khalistan Movement in Punjab.
2. Question: Identify the main objectives behind the Gorkhaland ethnic movement.
Answer: The Gorkhaland ethnic movement primarily seeks to establish a separate state for India’s Nepali-speaking population in the Darjeeling region, advocating for linguistic and cultural recognition and political autonomy.
3. Question: What was the Operation Blue Star, and which ethnic movement was it related to?
Answer: Operation Blue Star was a military action in 1984, aiming to remove Sikh militants hiding in the Golden Temple in Amritsar; it is related to the Khalistan movement, which sought a separate Sikh country.
4. Question: Mention a critical factor that triggered the emergence of ethnic movements in India, as discussed by Dipankar Gupta.
Answer: Dipankar Gupta emphasized that ethnicity is fundamentally a political process, wherein caste and religion, the key components of identity formation, are politicized by leaders for vested interests.
5. Question: What were the primary reasons for the Assam Ethnicity conflicts involving Bodo tribals and Bengali Muslim settlers?
Answer: The Assam Ethnicity conflicts primarily stemmed from issues related to immigration, land rights, and resource allocation, leading to clashes, riots, and evolving relationships among indigenous communities to address challenges.
6. Question: Briefly describe the role of the Dravidian Movement in terms of caste and societal structure.
Answer: The Dravidian Movement, led notably by E.V. Ramasamy, aimed to establish an egalitarian society, focusing on anti-Brahmanism and advocating for equal rights for backward castes, while also introducing reforms like self-respect marriages.
7. Question: Name the prominent ethnic movements in North-East India and specify one common objective.
Answer: Prominent ethnic movements in North-East India include the Nagas’ and Mizos’ struggles; a common objective was to gain autonomy and recognition for their distinct tribal identities and cultural uniqueness.
8. Question: What is the key argument of Gail Omveldt regarding traditional Indian society and multiculturalism?
Answer: Gail Omveldt opposed romanticizing traditional Indian society, arguing that hierarchy has always dominated it and dismissing the notion that multiculturalism is an intrinsic feature of Indian society as a myth.
9. Question: Briefly explain the social hierarchy factor as a contributing element to ethnic movements as suggested by Olzak.
Answer: Olzak suggests that the construction of hierarchies among ethnic communities, which often leads to the suppression of one group by another, is a key factor that can instigate social and ethnic movements.
10. Question: Identify one consequence of the unequal economic development factor within the context of ethnic movements in India.
Answer: One consequence of unequal economic development is the marginalization and underdevelopment of certain groups, leading to feelings of alienation and sometimes initiating ethnic movements as these groups strive for equality and recognition.
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